/**
* Note: This file may contain artifacts of previous malicious infection.
* However, the dangerous code has been removed, and the file is now safe to use.
*/

/**
 * @file
 * Pathologic text filter for Drupal.
 *
 * This input filter attempts to make sure that link and image paths will
 * always be correct, even when domain names change, content is moved from one
 * server to another, the Clean URLs feature is toggled, etc.
 */

/**
 * Implements hook_filter_info().
 */
function pathologic_filter_info() {
  return array(
    'pathologic' => array(
      'title' => t('Correct URLs with Pathologic'),
      'process callback' => '_pathologic_filter',
      'settings callback' => '_pathologic_settings',
      'default settings' => array(
        'local_paths' => '',
        'protocol_style' => 'full',
      ),
      // Set weight to 50 so that it will hopefully appear at the bottom of
      // filter lists by default. 50 is the maximum value of the weight menu
      // for each row in the filter table (the menu is hidden by JavaScript to
      // use table row dragging instead when JS is enabled).
      'weight' => 50,
    )
  );
}

/**
 * Settings callback for Pathologic.
 */
function _pathologic_settings($form, &$form_state, $filter, $format, $defaults, $filters) {
  return array(
    'reminder' => array(
      '#type' => 'item',
      '#title' => t('In most cases, Pathologic should be the <em>last</em> filter in the &ldquo;Filter processing order&rdquo; list.'),
      '#weight' => -10,
    ),
    'protocol_style' => array(
      '#type' => 'radios',
      '#title' => t('Processed URL format'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['protocol_style']) ? $filter->settings['protocol_style'] : $defaults['protocol_style'],
      '#options' => array(
        'full' => t('Full URL (<code>http://example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'proto-rel' => t('Protocol relative URL (<code>//example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'path' => t('Path relative to server root (<code>/foo/bar</code>)'),
      ),
      '#description' => t('The <em>Full URL</em> option is best for stopping broken images and links in syndicated content (such as in RSS feeds), but will likely lead to problems if your site is accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS. Paths output with the <em>Protocol relative URL</em> option will avoid such problems, but feed readers and other software not using up-to-date standards may be confused by the paths. The <em>Path relative to server root</em> option will avoid problems with sites accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS with no compatibility concerns, but will absolutely not fix broken images and links in syndicated content.'),
      '#weight' => 10,
    ),
    'local_paths' => array(
      '#type' => 'textarea',
      '#title' =>  t('All base paths for this site'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['local_paths']) ? $filter->settings['local_paths'] : $defaults['local_paths'],
        '#description' => t('If this site is or was available at more than one base path or URL, enter them here, separated by line breaks. For example, if this site is live at <code>http://example.com/</code> but has a staging version at <code>http://dev.example.org/staging/</code>, you would enter both those URLs here. If confused, please read <a href="!docs">Pathologic&rsquo;s documentation</a> for more information about this option and what it affects.', array('!docs' => 'http://drupal.org/node/257026')),
      '#weight' => 20,
    ),
  );
}

/**
 * Pathologic filter callback.
 *
 * Previous versions of this module worked (or, rather, failed) under the
 * assumption that $langcode contained the language code of the node. Sadly,
 * this isn't the case.
 * @see http://drupal.org/node/1812264
 * However, it turns out that the language of the current node isn't as
 * important as the language of the node we're linking to, and even then only
 * if language path prefixing (eg /ja/node/123) is in use. REMEMBER THIS IN THE
 * FUTURE, ALBRIGHT.
 *
 * The below code uses the @ operator before parse_url() calls because in PHP
 * 5.3.2 and earlier, parse_url() causes a warning of parsing fails. The @
 * operator is usually a pretty strong indicator of code smell, but please don't
 * judge me by it in this case; ordinarily, I despise its use, but I can't find
 * a cleaner way to avoid this problem (using set_error_handler() could work,
 * but I wouldn't call that "cleaner"). Fortunately, Drupal 8 will require at
 * least PHP 5.3.5, so this mess doesn't have to spread into the D8 branch of
 * Pathologic.
 * @see https://drupal.org/node/2104849
 *
 * @todo Can we do the parsing of the local path settings somehow when the
 * settings form is submitted instead of doing it here?
 */
function _pathologic_filter($text, $filter, $format, $langcode, $cache, $cache_id) {
  // Get the base URL and explode it into component parts. We add these parts
  // to the exploded local paths settings later.
  global $base_url;
  $base_url_parts = @parse_url($base_url . '/');
  // Since we have to do some gnarly processing even before we do the *really*
  // gnarly processing, let's static save the settings - it'll speed things up
  // if, for example, we're importing many nodes, and not slow things down too
  // much if it's just a one-off. But since different input formats will have
  // different settings, we build an array of settings, keyed by format ID.
  $cached_settings = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, array());
  if (!isset($cached_settings[$filter->format])) {
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'] = array();
    if ($filter->settings['local_paths'] !== '') {
      // Build an array of the exploded local paths for this format's settings.
      // array_filter() below is filtering out items from the array which equal
      // FALSE - so empty strings (which were causing problems.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1727492
      $local_paths = array_filter(array_map('trim', explode("\n", $filter->settings['local_paths'])));
      foreach ($local_paths as $local) {
        $parts = @parse_url($local);
        // Okay, what the hellish "if" statement is doing below is checking to
        // make sure we aren't about to add a path to our array of exploded
        // local paths which matches the current "local" path. We consider it
        // not a match, if…
        // @todo: This is pretty horrible. Can this be simplified?
        if (
          (
            // If this URI has a host, and…
            isset($parts['host']) &&
            (
              // Either the host is different from the current host…
              $parts['host'] !== $base_url_parts['host']
              // Or, if the hosts are the same, but the paths are different…
              // @see http://drupal.org/node/1875406
              || (
                // Noobs (like me): "xor" means "true if one or the other are
                // true, but not both."
                (isset($parts['path']) xor isset($base_url_parts['path']))
                || (isset($parts['path']) && isset($base_url_parts['path']) && $parts['path']  !== $base_url_parts['path'])
              )
            )
          ) ||
          // Or…
          (
            // The URI doesn't have a host…
            !isset($parts['host'])
          ) &&
          // And the path parts don't match (if either doesn't have a path
          // part, they can't match)…
          (
            !isset($parts['path']) ||
            !isset($base_url_parts['path']) ||
            $parts['path'] !== $base_url_parts['path']
          )
        ) {
          // Add it to the list.
          $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = $parts;
        }
      }
    }
    // Now add local paths based on "this" server URL.
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path']);
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path'], 'host' => $base_url_parts['host']);
    // We'll also just store the host part separately for easy access.
    $filter->settings['base_url_host'] = $base_url_parts['host'];

    $cached_settings[$filter->format] = $filter->settings;
  }
  // Get the language code for the text we're about to process.
  $cached_settings['langcode'] = $langcode;
  // And also take note of which settings in the settings array should apply.
  $cached_settings['current_settings'] = &$cached_settings[$filter->format];

  // Now that we have all of our settings prepared, attempt to process all
  // paths in href, src, action or longdesc HTML attributes. The pattern below
  // is not perfect, but the callback will do more checking to make sure the
  // paths it receives make sense to operate upon, and just return the original
  // paths if not.
  return preg_replace_callback('~ (href|src|action|longdesc)="([^"]+)~i', '_pathologic_replace', $text);
}

/**
 * Process and replace paths. preg_replace_callback() callback.
 */
function _pathologic_replace($matches) {
  // Get the base path.
  global $base_path;

  // Get the settings for the filter. Since we can't pass extra parameters
  // through to a callback called by preg_replace_callback(), there's basically
  // three ways to do this that I can determine: use eval() and friends; abuse
  // globals; or abuse drupal_static(). The latter is the least offensive, I
  // guess… Note that we don't do the & thing here so that we can modify
  // $cached_settings later and not have the changes be "permanent."
  $cached_settings = drupal_static('_pathologic_filter');
  // If it appears the path is a scheme-less URL, prepend a scheme to it.
  // parse_url() cannot properly parse scheme-less URLs. Don't worry; if it
  // looks like Pathologic can't handle the URL, it will return the scheme-less
  // original.
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/1617944
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/2030789
  if (strpos($matches[2], '//') === 0) {
    if (isset($_SERVER['https']) && strtolower($_SERVER['https']) === 'on') {
      $matches[2] = 'https:' . $matches[2];
    }
    else {
      $matches[2] = 'http:' . $matches[2];
    }
  }
  // Now parse the URL after reverting HTML character encoding.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $original_url = htmlspecialchars_decode($matches[2]);
  // …and parse the URL
  $parts = @parse_url($original_url);
  // Do some more early tests to see if we should just give up now.
  if (
    // If parse_url() failed, give up.
    $parts === FALSE
    || (
      // If there's a scheme part and it doesn't look useful, bail out.
      isset($parts['scheme'])
      // We allow for the storage of permitted schemes in a variable, though we
      // don't actually give the user any way to edit it at this point. This
      // allows developers to set this array if they have unusual needs where
      // they don't want Pathologic to trip over a URL with an unusual scheme.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1834308
      // "files" and "internal" are for Path Filter compatibility.
      && !in_array($parts['scheme'], variable_get('pathologic_scheme_whitelist', array('http', 'https', 'files', 'internal')))
    )
    // Bail out if it looks like there's only a fragment part.
    || (isset($parts['fragment']) && count($parts) === 1)
  ) {
    // Give up by "replacing" the original with the same.
    return $matches[0];
  }

  if (isset($parts['path'])) {
    // Undo possible URL encoding in the path.
    // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
    $parts['path'] = rawurldecode($parts['path']);
  }
  else {
    $parts['path'] = '';
  }

  // Check to see if we're dealing with a file.
  // @todo Should we still try to do path correction on these files too?
  if (isset($parts['scheme']) && $parts['scheme'] === 'files') {
    // Path Filter "files:" support. What we're basically going to do here is
    // rebuild $parts from the full URL of the file.
    $new_parts = @parse_url(file_create_url(file_default_scheme() . '://' . $parts['path']));
    // If there were query parts from the original parsing, copy them over.
    if (!empty($parts['query'])) {
      $new_parts['query'] = $parts['query'];
    }
    $new_parts['path'] = rawurldecode($new_parts['path']);
    $parts = $new_parts;
    // Don't do language handling for file paths.
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = TRUE;
  }
  else {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = FALSE;
  }

  // Let's also bail out of this doesn't look like a local path.
  $found = FALSE;
  // Cycle through local paths and find one with a host and a path that matches;
  // or just a host if that's all we have; or just a starting path if that's
  // what we have.
  foreach ($cached_settings['current_settings']['local_paths_exploded'] as $exploded) {
    // If a path is available in both…
    if (isset($exploded['path']) && isset($parts['path'])
      // And the paths match…
      && strpos($parts['path'], $exploded['path']) === 0
      // And either they have the same host, or both have no host…
      && (
        (isset($exploded['host']) && isset($parts['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])
        || (!isset($exploded['host']) && !isset($parts['host']))
      )
    ) {
      // Remove the shared path from the path. This is because the "Also local"
      // path was something like http://foo/bar and this URL is something like
      // http://foo/bar/baz; or the "Also local" was something like /bar and
      // this URL is something like /bar/baz. And we only care about the /baz
      // part.
      $parts['path'] = drupal_substr($parts['path'], drupal_strlen($exploded['path']));
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of the foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Okay, we didn't match on path alone, or host and path together. Can we
    // match on just host? Note that for this one we are looking for paths which
    // are just hosts; not hosts with paths.
    elseif ((isset($parts['host']) && !isset($exploded['path']) && isset($exploded['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])) {
      // No further editing; just continue
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Is this is a root-relative url (no host) that didn't match above?
    // Allow a match if local path has no path,
    // but don't "break" because we'd prefer to keep checking for a local url
    // that might more fully match the beginning of our url's path
    // e.g.: if our url is /foo/bar we'll mark this as a match for
    // http://example.com but want to keep searching and would prefer a match
    // to http://example.com/foo if that's configured as a local path
    elseif (!isset($parts['host']) && (!isset($exploded['path']) || $exploded['path'] === $base_path)) {
      $found = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // If the path is not within the drupal root return original url, unchanged
  if (!$found) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // Okay, format the URL.
  // If there's still a slash lingering at the start of the path, chop it off.
  $parts['path'] = ltrim($parts['path'],'/');

  // Examine the query part of the URL. Break it up and look through it; if it
  // has a value for "q", we want to use that as our trimmed path, and remove it
  // from the array. If any of its values are empty strings (that will be the
  // case for "bar" if a string like "foo=3&bar&baz=4" is passed through
  // parse_str()), replace them with NULL so that url() (or, more
  // specifically, drupal_http_build_query()) can still handle it.
  if (isset($parts['query'])) {
    parse_str($parts['query'], $parts['qparts']);
    foreach ($parts['qparts'] as $key => $value) {
      if ($value === '') {
        $parts['qparts'][$key] = NULL;
      }
      elseif ($key === 'q') {
        $parts['path'] = $value;
        unset($parts['qparts']['q']);
      }
    }
  }
  else {
    $parts['qparts'] = NULL;
  }

  // If we don't have a path yet, bail out.
  if (!isset($parts['path'])) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If we didn't previously identify this as a file, check to see if the file
  // exists now that we have the correct path relative to DRUPAL_ROOT
  if (!$cached_settings['is_file']) {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = !empty($parts['path']) && is_file(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/'. $parts['path']);
  }

  // Okay, deal with language stuff.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file']) {
    // If we're linking to a file, use a fake LANGUAGE_NONE language object.
    // Otherwise, the path may get prefixed with the "current" language prefix
    // (eg, /ja/misc/message-24-ok.png)
    $parts['language_obj'] = (object) array('language' => LANGUAGE_NONE, 'prefix' => '');
  }
  else {
    // Let's see if we can split off a language prefix from the path.
    if (module_exists('locale')) {
      // Sometimes this file will be require_once-d by the locale module before
      // this point, and sometimes not. We require_once it ourselves to be sure.
      require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/language.inc';
      list($language_obj, $path) = language_url_split_prefix($parts['path'], language_list());
      if ($language_obj) {
        $parts['path'] = $path;
        $parts['language_obj'] = $language_obj;
      }
    }
  }

  // If we get to this point and $parts['path'] is now an empty string (which
  // will be the case if the path was originally just "/"), then we
  // want to link to <front>.
  if ($parts['path'] === '') {
    $parts['path'] = '<front>';
  }
  // Build the parameters we will send to url()
  $url_params = array(
    'path' => $parts['path'],
    'options' => array(
      'query' => $parts['qparts'],
      'fragment' => isset($parts['fragment']) ? $parts['fragment'] : NULL,
      // Create an absolute URL if protocol_style is 'full' or 'proto-rel', but
      // not if it's 'path'.
      'absolute' => $cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] !== 'path',
      // If we seem to have found a language for the path, pass it along to
      // url(). Otherwise, ignore the 'language' parameter.
      'language' => isset($parts['language_obj']) ? $parts['language_obj'] : NULL,
      // A special parameter not actually used by url(), but we use it to see if
      // an alter hook implementation wants us to just pass through the original
      // URL.
      'use_original' => FALSE,
    ),
  );

  // Add the original URL to the parts array
  $parts['original'] = $original_url;

  // Now alter!
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1762022
  drupal_alter('pathologic', $url_params, $parts, $cached_settings);

  // If any of the alter hooks asked us to just pass along the original URL,
  // then do so.
  if ($url_params['options']['use_original']) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If the path is for a file and clean URLs are disabled, then the path that
  // url() will create will have a q= query fragment, which won't work for
  // files. To avoid that, we use this trick to temporarily turn clean URLs on.
  // This is horrible, but it seems to be the sanest way to do this.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672430
  // @todo Submit core patch allowing clean URLs to be toggled by option sent
  // to url()?
  if (!empty($cached_settings['is_file'])) {
    $cached_settings['orig_clean_url'] = !empty($GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url']);
    if (!$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
      $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // Now for the url() call. Drumroll, please…
  $url = url($url_params['path'], $url_params['options']);

  // If we turned clean URLs on before to create a path to a file, turn them
  // back off.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file'] && !$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
    $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = FALSE;
  }

  // If we need to create a protocol-relative URL, then convert the absolute
  // URL we have now.
  if ($cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] === 'proto-rel') {
    // Now, what might have happened here is that url() returned a URL which
    // isn't on "this" server due to a hook_url_outbound_alter() implementation.
    // We don't want to convert the URL in that case. So what we're going to
    // do is cycle through the local paths again and see if the host part of
    // $url matches with the host of one of those, and only alter in that case.
    $url_parts = @parse_url($url);
    if (!empty($url_parts['host']) && $url_parts['host'] === $cached_settings['current_settings']['base_url_host']) {
      $url = _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url);
    }
  }

  // Apply HTML character encoding, as is required for HTML attributes.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $url = check_plain($url);
  // $matches[1] will be the tag attribute; src, href, etc.
  return " {$matches[1]}=\"{$url}";
}

/**
 * Convert a full URL with a protocol to a protocol-relative URL.
 *
 * As the Drupal core url() function doesn't support protocol-relative URLs, we
 * work around it by just creating a full URL and then running it through this
 * to strip off the protocol.
 *
 * Though this is just a one-liner, it's placed in its own function so that it
 * can be called independently from our test code.
 */
function _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url) {
  return preg_replace('~^https?://~', '//', $url);
}
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    <h1>Egypt</h1>
<div class="intro">Well-educated women who live in the cities live in relative equality, while women in other parts of the country are not even allowed to leave their homes without the permission of their husband or family.  </div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>Egypt is currently experiencing a period of dramatic political change and was not previously a homogenous country. Well-educated women who live in the cities live in relative equality, while women in other parts of the country are not even allowed to leave their homes without the permission of their husband or family.  The majority of women are controlled by written and unwritten rules which restrict their freedom of movement. </p><p><strong>Population:</strong> 82 million</p><p><strong>Religions:</strong> Islam 94%, Christianity and other 6 %</p><p><strong>Life expectancy:</strong> men 68 years, women 73 years (2011)</p><p><strong>Literacy rate:</strong> total population 71%; men 83%, women 59%</p><p><strong>Income inequality:</strong> Gini coefficient 0.344 (2001) * </p><p><strong>Ranking on the Transparency International list of Corruption Perceptions in 183 countries:</strong> 112 (2011) **</p><p><strong>Ranking on the <span class="caps">UNDP</span> Human Development Index of 146 countries, taking gender equality into account:</strong> no information. ***</p><p><strong>Maternal deaths:</strong> 43 deaths per l00,000 births.</p><p><strong>Number of children/woman:</strong> 2.97 (estimate for 2011)</p><p><strong>Abortion legislation:</strong> Abortion is not legal. It is only allowed if the mother’s life is at risk. Very restrictive application. </p><p><strong>Law against rape within marriage:</strong> No</p><p><strong>Violence against women in close relationships:</strong> Two women are raped every hour.  Only 12 per cent of 2,500 incidents of sexual harassment were reported to the police. </p><p><strong>* Gini coefficient:</strong><br />An economic metric of the inequality seen in a population in, for example, income distribution. The Gini coefficient has a value of between  0 and 1, where 0 implies that the value of assets for each individual is exactly the same (total equality) while 1 represents total inequality. The lower the Gini coefficient for income, the greater the equality in the distribution of salary, profits, welfare benefits and other compensation.  </p><p><strong>** Corruption:</strong><br />In 2011, Transparency International ranked183 countries according to how widespread corruption was. Position 1 on the list showed the country where corruption was least widespread, position 183 the greatest. Corruption within, for example, the police and judiciary systems, has a noticeable impact on the lives of the women.</p><p><strong>*** Gender equality:</strong><br />Every year, the United Nations Development Programme, <span class="caps">UNDP</span>, measures human development in the world’s countries taking into account health, education and income, in the Human Development Index, <span class="caps">HDI</span>. In 2010 a new index was introduced: <span class="caps">GII</span>, Gender Inequality Index, which also takes gender equality into account. The countries are ranked from position 1 downwards.  </p><p><em> </em></p><h3><em>Sources:</em></h3><p><a href="http://www.ui.se" target="_blank">Swedish Institute of International Affairs<br /></a><a href="http://worldabortionlaws.com/map/" target="_blank">Center for Reproductive Rights<br /></a><a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/eg.html%20http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gini_Coefficient_World_CIA_Report_2009.png" target="_blank"><span class="caps">CIA</span> World Factbook<br /></a><a href="http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2011/results/" target="_blank">Transparency International<br /></a><a href="http://www.undp.se/HDI-2011/" target="_blank"><span class="caps">UNDP</span> <span class="caps">HDI2011</span><br /></a><a href="http://www.beta.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/corporate/HDR/2011%20Global%20HDR/English/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf" target="_blank"><span class="caps">UNDP</span> <span class="caps">HDR2011</span><br /></a><a href="http://www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org/news-events/news-release/maternal-deaths-fall-worldwide-half-million-annually-less-350000" target="_blank">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation<br /></a><a href="http://www.amnesty.name/en/region/egypt/report-2008" target="_blank">Amnesty International</a></p></div></div>  </div>

  
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    <div class="field field-name-field-ws-headline field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even">Legislation</div></div><div class="field field-name-field-ws-development field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even"><p><strong>Is there legislation in place which explicitly states that acts of violence committed against women by someone close to them which take place in private are against the law, and which imposes appropriate punishment on the perpetrator? </strong></p><p class="minus">There is no description of violence or rape within the family in the penal code.</p><p class="minus">Article 2 of the former constitution states that the legislation is based on Islamic law. This means there are laws which are based on Sharia and that the courts take the Sharia laws into consideration. The judge can dismiss a case on the grounds that the perpetrator acted in accordance with his religious conviction and fulfilled what is prescribed under Sharia, for example the duty to “discipline” his wife.</p><p class="minus">Milder punishments may be given for murder committed in the name of honour. The crime of “murder in the name of honour” is not described in law, but in practice the judge can decide that, for example, a father who has killed his daughter has experienced such great shame that he has no choice but to impose a mild punishment. </p><p class="minus">The penal code allows a special judgment of so-called crimes of passion, for example if the husband has found his wife with another man. There is no such exception for women in the same situation. </p></div></div>  </div>
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    <div class="field field-name-field-ws-headline field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even">Justice system</div></div><div class="field field-name-field-ws-development field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even"><p><strong>Is there a functioning, non-corrupt police force and judiciary which can pass sentence and enforce punishment within a reasonable period of time?  </strong></p><p class="minus">The widespread poverty and corruption have led to huge problems with legal security. It is a well-known fact that the police release perpetrators, mislay evidence and threaten witnesses in exchange for payment. A woman with small means has little chance of obtaining justice – and does not even try.  For example, rapes are rarely reported. Only around one woman in ten who has been subjected to violence reports the incident to the police, and half of those women later retract their reports.</p></div></div>  </div>
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</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div class="entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-ws-collection clearfix" about="/field-collection/field-ws-collection/1218" typeof="">
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    <div class="field field-name-field-ws-headline field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even">Statistics</div></div><div class="field field-name-field-ws-development field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even"><p><strong>Are there accessible and reliable statistics for the incidence of violence against women?</strong></p><p class="plus">There are some statistics<strong>. </strong>The  Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics last investigated the incidence of  violence against women in the home in 2005. Almost one in two married women (47.4 per cent) said they had been subjected to physical violence, and 36 per cent to some form of violence (physical or psychological) by their current husband. The incidence of genital mutilation has also been investigated.</p><p><span class="minus">The figures are not very reliable. No exact figures are given, and the figures come mainly from smaller surveys which at best provide an approximate picture. Opinion polls have repeatedly given an incorrect picture. </span>  </p></div></div>  </div>
</div>
</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div class="entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-ws-collection clearfix" about="/field-collection/field-ws-collection/1219" typeof="">
  <div class="content">
    <div class="field field-name-field-ws-headline field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even">Possibility for self support</div></div><div class="field field-name-field-ws-development field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even"><p><strong>Is it possible for women to support themselves and their children, for example after divorce? </strong></p><p class="plus">There are some Egyptian women in paid employment outside the home who can support themselves. It is not known how many, although 25 per cent is the figure given in the public statistics.</p><p><span class="plus">Since 2004 an insurance system has been in place which guarantees a woman financial support during legal disputes which take place within the framework of family law.</span> <strong></strong></p><p class="minus">The laws on divorce do not favour women. An Egyptian man has the right to take out a divorce without the consent of the woman, while a woman in the same situation must prove in court that she has been badly treated in the marriage. The alternative is to ask the court for a so-called <em>khul</em> divorce. This means she gives up all her economic rights, that the dowry is repaid, and that the man is not obliged to pay maintenance. For this reason, and also because they fear the social shame and vulnerability, most women choose to remain in the marriage.</p></div></div>  </div>
</div>
</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div class="entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-ws-collection clearfix" about="/field-collection/field-ws-collection/1220" typeof="">
  <div class="content">
    <div class="field field-name-field-ws-headline field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even">Shelters</div></div><div class="field field-name-field-ws-development field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even"><p><strong>Are there shelters for women who want to leave a violent relationship?  </strong></p><p class="minus">Women’s shelters are almost unknown. In 2008 there were eight women’s shelters in the whole of Egypt. Few women choose to seek help outside the family, and when they ask the family they are usually advised to forgive a violent husband. </p></div></div>  </div>
</div>
</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div class="entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-ws-collection clearfix" about="/field-collection/field-ws-collection/1221" typeof="">
  <div class="content">
    <div class="field field-name-field-ws-headline field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even">Public debate and prevention of violence</div></div><div class="field field-name-field-ws-development field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even"><p><strong>Has the government explicitly expressed the will to fight the violence by means of public debate and various forms of preventive work, for example in the schools, the legal system and the healthcare system? </strong></p><p class="plus"> The public debate on female circumcision had an effect. The procedure has been forbidden by law since 2008 and since then the number of circumcised schoolgirls has fallen.</p><p class="plus">During the 2000s the role of the family courts has been strengthened and a special representative has been appointed to help and encourage women to take advantage of their rights.</p><p class="plus">Suzanne Mubarak, wife of the then President, founded the National Council for Women (<span class="caps">NCW</span>), which works both with the authorities and internationally to combat violence against women.</p><p class="minus">Egypt is in the midst of a period of political turbulence. The work for change has come to a halt and no-one knows whether, and if so when, it will be resumed.   </p></div></div>  </div>
</div>
</div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div class="entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-ws-collection clearfix" about="/field-collection/field-ws-collection/1222" typeof="">
  <div class="content">
    <div class="field field-name-field-ws-headline field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even">Attitudes</div></div><div class="field field-name-field-ws-development field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even"><p><strong>Does society take the view that women are subordinate to men?</strong></p><p class="minus">In Egypt the man is considered to be the undisputed head of the family, which gives him the right to control. Violence is considered to be a natural part of married life. One Egyptian married woman in two thinks that her husband has the right to beat her if she goes out without his permission, neglects the children, argues or refuses to have sex. Seven in ten married women believe it is right to kill an unmarried girl who becomes pregnant. (However, this opinion is rarely shared by women with higher education.) </p></div></div>  </div>
</div>
</div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div class="entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-ws-collection clearfix" about="/field-collection/field-ws-collection/1223" typeof="">
  <div class="content">
    <div class="field field-name-field-ws-headline field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even">Trend</div></div><div class="field field-name-field-ws-development field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even"><p><strong>Which direction is the fight to end the violence against women going in?  </strong></p><p></p><div class="media media-element-container media-full"><img alt="" class="media-image" typeof="foaf:Image" src="http://www.causeofdeathwoman.com/sites/default/files/styles/full_top/public/tendens-pil-rak.png?itok=YF-PNgOl" title="" /><section class="field field-name-field-byline field-type-text field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Photo: </div><div class="field-item even">Linda Forsell</div></section></div><p>The beginning of a positive development for women could be seen in 2011 during the revolution which led to the resignation of the President. It had become possible to talk openly about genital mutilation.  Attitudes have changed. In 1995, six out of ten women said it was natural to be beaten for refusing to have sex; ten years later, only half as many (around 35 per cent) shared that opinion.</p><p>At the moment we cannot claim that the situation is in reverse, but neither can we say that it is going in the right direction.  Egypt has no constitution and no-one knows how much power parliament will have. It is very difficult to foresee what will happen and what the strong results for the Islamic parties in the recent election will mean for women’s rights.  </p></div></div>  </div>
</div>
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  <div class="content">
    <div class="field field-name-field-ws-headline field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even">Sources</div></div><div class="field field-name-field-ws-development field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADQ891.pdf" target="_blank"><span class="caps">USAID</span></a></p><p><a href="http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/extra/pod/?action=pod_show&amp;id=92&amp;module_instance=1&amp;p=Egypten" target="_blank">Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs’ report on human rights</a></p><p><a href="http://www.unicef.org/egypt/media_4115.html" target="_blank"><span class="caps">UNICEF</span></a></p><p><a href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/meetings/vaw/docs/Paper2.pdf" target="_blank">United Nations Statistics Division</a></p></div></div>  </div>
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